MIS 301 | Software Management Review

Spring 2026 • Chapter 10 Master Guide

Citizen Developer

business professional or non-IT employee who creates application solutions, automations, or data models using sanctioned low-code/no-code platforms, rather than traditional programming

Compliance

Ensuring systems meet legal/regulatory standards like HIPAA or GDPR. High risk in LCNC.

Scope Creep

The tendency for project requirements to change and increase during development.

Slide 27

Product Owner

The business manager responsible for the system's requirements and ultimate success.

Programming Language

The standards and syntax used for writing instructions for computer software.

Slide 11

LCNC Environment

Visual development tools for creating apps with little to no manual coding required.

Slide 24

Triple Constraint

The essential balance and trade-offs between Scope, Resources, and Time.

Slide 10

SDLC

Software Development Lifecycle: planning, analysis, design, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance—used by development teams to produce high-quality software at the lowest cost in the shortest time.

Agile Methodology

Iterative development with frequent rollouts; the current dominant industry standard which is popular becuas eof its pseed and flexibility.

Slide 19

Knowledge Check

A student organization uses Power Apps to build a dues tracker without formal coding. They are not an IT major but successfully deploy the app.

1. Which concept best describes this student's role?

A. Product Owner
B. Citizen Developer
C. Systems Analyst
D. Professional Programmer
Correct: B. A Citizen Developer uses LCNC tools to build systems without professional programming training. (Slide 18)
A shop manager adds "driver tracking" to a delivery app mid-project. This causes the developer to miss the original deadline.

2. What is this an example of?

A. Diseconomies of scale
B. Triple Constraint trade-off
C. Scope creep
D. Brook’s Law
Correct: C. Scope Creep (Slide 21) is the addition of requirements after a project has already started.
A manager is told to finish a project early but cannot cut features or add more staff.

3. According to the Triple Constraint, what is the likely outcome?

A. Success via Waterfall
B. Project failure or quality loss
C. Economies of scale
D. Decreased TCO
Correct: B. Per the Triple Constraint (Slide 10), you cannot change time without affecting scope or resources without losing quality.
A startup releases a new "bare-bones" version of their app every two weeks based on feedback.

4. Which methodology are they using?

A. Waterfall method
B. Total Cost of Ownership
C. Agile method
D. Systems Analysis
Correct: C. Agile (Slide 15) is iterative and focused on frequent product rollouts.
An LCNC app leaks private employee data because the user didn't set up encryption required by law.

5. Which LCNC risk does this illustrate?

A. Total cost of ownership
B. Compliance and security risks
C. Diseconomies of scale
D. Lack of programming language
Correct: B. Compliance (Slide 19) involves meeting legal/security requirements, which LCNC users often overlook.